Background and Aim: Cell ADHESION MOLECULES (ICAM-1) and VASCULAR ADHESION MOLECULES (VCAM-1) play critical roles in endothelial function and cardioVASCULAR diseases. Given the increasing use of resistance training among middle-aged and elderly individuals, it is essential to examine the effects of this type of exercise on the serum levels of these MOLECULES. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training on serum levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in middle-aged and elderly men with hypertension. Methods: This quasi-experimental study involved 24 elderly men with hypertension who met the inclusion criteria. Participants were randomly assigned to either the resistance training group (12 participants) or the control group (12 participants). The resistance training group performed resistance exercises three times a week for 12 weeks. Blood samples were collected at baseline and at the end of the study to measure serum levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Results: After 12 weeks of resistance training, serum levels of ICAM-1 (P=0.003) and VCAM-1 (P=0.005) significantly decreased. Additionally, inter-group comparisons showed significant differences in mean changes for both ICAM-1 (P=0.001) and VCAM-1 (P=0.001). Conclusion: Long-term resistance training appears to be effective not only in improving systolic and diastolic blood pressure but also in reducing serum levels of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 in middle-aged and elderly men with hypertension. Therefore, regular resistance training may serve as a potential non-pharmacological approach for reducing blood pressure and improving endothelial function in this population.

Introduction: ADHESION MOLECULES play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and the type of training may affect the response to these indicators. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of a continuous versus interval aerobic training session on plasma levels of intercellular ADHESION MOLECULES 1 (ICAM-1) and VASCULAR cell ADHESION MOLECULES 1 (VCAM-1) in patients with coronary artery disease. Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 9 women with coronary artery disease participated in pre-test and two stages of post-test design (interval and continuous). Continuing training program included running or walking for 30 minutes with an intensity of 60% of maximum heart rate. Therefore, interval training included 30 minutes of walking or running with variable intensity between 50% and 80% peak heart rate. ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 serum levels were measured in scale of ng/ml by ELISA. Results were analyzed by SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL; version 24 and repeated measures test were used at a significant level of P≤ 0. 05. Results: One session of continuous and interval training didn’ t show significant differences in ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 serum levels. So that the ICAM-1 levels were obtained (233. 6 ± 0. 1) after continuous training and (230. 4 ± 1) after interval training (P= 0. 186). In addition, VCAM-1 levels were observed (163. 3 ± 7. 0) after continuous training and (194. 8 ± 6. 9) after interval training (P= 0. 121). Conclusion: One session of training stimulates inflammatory pathways in coronary artery disease patients. Based on the results of this study, the effect of continuous aerobic training on the levels of adherent MOLECULES cannot be determined certainty and more research is needed.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of aerobic training on levels of VASCULAR and intracellular ADHESION MOLECULES in overweight middle-aged women.20 sedentary obese women (mean±SD age: 46.1±6.88 years, BF%: 36.7± 6.18, weight: 73.56±10 Kg and BMI: 59.5±4.15 kg.m2) were selected and randomly divided into two groups. Training program consisted of 50-60 min. running with an intensity of 7 met, 5 days a week for 8 weeks. Fasting blood samples were analyzed for ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels. Blood samples were gathered after 12 hours of fasting and 48 hours after the last training program. Data were analyzed by paired and independent t tests. The results showed no significant differences in variables in the pretest (P>0.05). ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 levels decreased (18% and 8% respectively) in the experimental group (ICAM-1 decreased significantly, but not VCAM-1). Weight, BMI and BF% decreased 4.6%, 6.2%, 10% respectively. There was a significant relationship between the changes of ICAM-1 and BF%. It was concluded that five days of running with a 7-met intensity for 8 weeks results in weight loss as well as a significant decrease in ICAM-1 level in overweight subjects. Finally, regular aerobic activity not only results in weight loss and BF% decrease but also significantly decreases ICAM-1 although VCAM-1 does not change significantly.

2Background and Aim: Aging is often accompanied by inflammation and lipid abnormalities. This study aimed at investigating the effects of endurance training combined with Citrus aurantium L.var. amara Engl. (CAVAO) consumption on the lipid profile, intercellular ADHESION MOLECULES-1 (ICAM-1), and VASCULAR cell ADHESION MOLECULES-1 (VCAM-1) in aged Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: In this experimental study, 35 aged Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 7 groups: high-intensity interval training (HIIT), moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), HIIT with CAVAO (HIIT+CA), MICT with CAVAO (MICT+CA), CAVAO alone (CA) (300 mg/kg/day), control, and sham. Over eight weeks, HIIT was conducted at 85-110% VO2max intensity, while MICT was performed at 65-75% VO2max intensity. Lipid profiles were assessed using a kit, and ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 gene expressions were analyzed via RT-PCR. Results: HIIT, MICT, HIIT+CA, MICT+CA, and CA resulted in a significant increase in HDL levels, with HIIT showing the most pronounced effect (P<0.05). LDL decreased significantly in all groups except CA (P<0.05). The HIIT+CA group exhibited a greater reduction in TG levels compared to the CA group. Cholesterol levels decreased in the HIIT, MICT+CA, and CA groups, with the CA group demonstrating a more substantial reduction than the HIIT and MICT+CA groups (P<0.05). VCAM-1 levels increased in all groups, while ICAM-1 levels decreased in all groups except HIIT+CA, where a more significant reduction in ICAM-1 was observed compared to other groups (P<0.05). Conclusion: The combination of endurance training interventions and CAVAO antioxidant supplementation (HIIT, MICT, HIIT+CA, MICT+CA, CA) may offer cardiac protection against hyperlipidemia due to their antihyperlipidemic effects. The interactive effect of HIIT+CA and MICT+CA appears to have a more favorable impact on lipid profiles and ICAM-1 levels.

Background and Objective: ADHESION MOLECULES play an important role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of combined exercise on VASCULAR ADHESION MOLECULES and lipid profile in obese and overweight women.Materials and Methods: Eighteen women participated in this study (age: 39.33±7.7 years; weight: 76.57±5.19 kg). The subjects were randomly divided into two groups: exercise and control groups. The exercise protocol included: aerobic exercise (60-75% Maximum Heart Rate) and resistance exercise program (two sets with 10-12 repetitions and with an intensity of 40-60% of maximum repetition and rest time of 60-90 seconds) for 10 weeks 3 times a week. During the study, the control group received no intervention. At the beginning and 48 hours after exercise, blood samples were taken for measurement of ADHESION MOLECULES and lipids. Data was analyzed with independent t-test with SPSS16 (p<0.05).Results: Test results showed that there were no differences in anthropometric indices, VASCULAR cell ADHESION molecule-1 and lipid levels between control and experimental groups (p>0.05).Conclusion: It seems that 10-week combined exercise in order to reduce VCAM-1 levels and lipid profiles is insufficient and more research is needed in this area.